Fireweed

Somewhere I heard about ‘fireweed’, and my imagination immediately jumped to a vision of a weed with flowers that were bright yellow and red, with long slender petals that stuck up in the air and ‘flickered’ in the breeze.

The real fireweed isn’t like that. The flowers are a solid purple or pink that don’t look a thing like flames. It gets its name because it is probably the first plant to establish itself in an area that has been burnt.

Since then, I have also discovered that the parts of the plant that occur above ground can be used as a natural medicine. Would it surprise you to hear that fireweed has been used to treat fevers, inflammation and infections? It is also used to treat pain and swelling, tumors, wounds and an enlarged prostate. Certain forms of it have been used as an astringent and as a tonic.

And it’s edible! New shoots can be cooked like asparagus, while young flowers and leaves can be eaten raw. (They are slightly sweet and mildly astringent.) Older stems can be peeled and enjoyed as a snack. Older leaves and the flowers can be cooked as a vegetable, and will both flavor and thicken soups, stews, and the like.

If that’s not enough, you can stuff a doll or start a fire with the stuff contained within the seed pods. The seed pods are about 3 inches long, and when they pop open (with or without any help from you), the minuscule seeds are released, each with its own feathery tuft that allows it to ride the breeze to a new home. I’ve also read the adjective ‘cotton-like’ in reference to the seeds and tufts, which made me think it could be used to stuff a child’s doll. Or, use the stuff inside the seed pods as kindling to make a fire.

I like the concept of a fireweed. I think I might use the term for a plant on some other planet in one of my stories. Only I think my version of fireweed will have those red and yellow flickering flowers. And maybe those flowers are ghost-pepper hot!

Now, that strikes me as a real fireweed, in all ways.

http://wildfoodsandmedicines.com/fireweed/

https://medium.com/invironment/wild-edibles-fireweed-is-everywhere-8ea22e6d0a0e

https://www.rxlist.com/fireweed/supplements.htm

Boreal Forest

If you want to talk about a forest that is larger than the Amazon jungle, then you will probably talk about the Taiga, the Boreal Forest or the snow forest. They are all one thing, with different names used in different parts of the world. Some say it is one huge forest, stretching from Iceland through the Scandinavian countries, Russia, Mongolia, Alaska and Canada. It is a coniferous forest consisting mostly of pipes, spruces and larches. It covers 6.6 million square miles or 11.5% of the Earth’s land area.

The boreal forest has a subarctic climate, with a very large temperature range between seasons. Summers last 1-3 months, always less than 4 months, and any given 24 hour period during the summer will average 50 °F or less. In Siberia, the average temperature of the coldest winter month is between 21 and -58 °F. The ground being frozen for much of the year, or even permanently frozen, can restrict the growth of deep roots, thereby favoring shallow-rooted trees like the Siberian larch.

Despite these harsh condition, the plants in the boreal forest have a lower threshold to trigger growth, and thus they ‘wake up’ a little earlier than one would expect. Even so, the soil tends to be poor in nutrients. Fallen leaves and moss tend to sit on the soil for a long time in the cold climate, so their organic components are very slow to be added to the soil. Also, acids from the evergreen needles leach the soil, making it even less ‘appetizing’ for anything but lichens and some mosses. On the other hand, diversity of soil organisms is high, comparable to a tropical rainforest.

It seems surprising to me that in a world that is frozen most of the time, fire is one of the most important factors that shape the composition and development of boreal forest. Some members of the boreal forest won’t release their seeds until the pods have been exposed to fire, and I get that, but how does something covered in snow most of the time suddenly burst into flames? Obviously, there is something about the process that I don’t understand.

Most boreal forest fires are either high-intensity crown fires or severe surface fires. These are large, often more than 10,000 hectares (a hectare is 100 acres) and sometimes more than 400,000 hectares. Different areas of the boreal forest burn at different lengths of time; drier areas might burn every 50 years, while wetter areas only burn every 200 to 300 years. And when an area burns, it could take decades, even a couple centuries to get back to ‘normal’. So all that carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) that is released into the air when those trees burn takes those same decades or centuries to be absorbed into the growing forest again.

This is particularly important now, when so much of the boreal forest is burning. Even Greenland - which doesn’t have any boreal forest, but does grow grasses and scrub brushes when enough ice melts to expose ground to seeds being blown around by winds - is on fire. Alaska and Canada are experiencing horrendous fires in their boreal forestland. In northern Siberia, one fire covered 7.9 million acres (over 3 million hectares), and that’s only one fire of 11 (or more) burning in Russia.

It’s been estimated that these fires dumped over 50 million tons of carbon into the atmosphere in June (2019), and they are still at it. 16 million adult trees burn in a day in Russia’s boreal forest fires. The Earth is not ready to absorb that much carbon. If we planted more trees - billions of them - it would help, but possibly not before the climate changes even more in response to that much carbon and carbon dioxide having been freed to begin with.

We really can’t sit around and wait any longer. We have to start facing this problem, and we have to do it NOW. The sky is falling, and doomsday is just around the corner.

https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2019/7/31/1875681/-Fire-at-the-top-of-the-world-Earth-s-largest-forest-is-burning-and-it-won-t-be-coming-back-soon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiga