This Black Hole Breaks Rules

When scientists looked deep into the early universe with the James Webb Space Telescope, they expected to see small galaxies, young stars, and black holes struggling to grow. They certainly didn’t expect to find a giant black hole almost totally alone, with barely any stars around it.

Spotted in a galaxy called Abell 2744-SQO1, it existed just 700 million years after the Big Bang. It already had a mass about 50 million times that of the sun. This challenges the idea of how black holes are born. Perhaps… some black holes were formed before stars existed?

The standard theory is that stars are form from collapsing gas clouds, and, much later, when the biggest stars exhaust their fuel, black holes appear and grow by feeding on gas and merging with other black holes. But all this takes time, a very long time. QSO1 contains very little mass, so how did a black hole get so large?

The scientists turned to an idea proposed in the 1970s—primordial black holes. These would have emerged directly from extreme density variations shortly after The Big Bang, but most would have been tiny and short-lived.

This team ran simulations about how gas behaves around an initial primordial back hole, how stars might form nearby, and how stellar deaths could feed the growing object. When the team compared the outcome of the simulation with real data, they found a close match. Not only in the black hole mass, but also in the number of stars and the chemical elements in the area.

It’s not proof that the QSO1 black hole began as a primordial black hole, but standard models struggle with the reality that is there.

 

https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/50-million-times-heavier-than-sun-this-black-hole-breaks-rules-of-how-galaxies-are-formed/ar-AA1TvEdx?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=695967d3c656406cac6ac0fbef2407bf&ei=66

Africa’s Oldest Cremation

Earlier this year, archaeologists were perplexed when they unearthed the world’s earliest intentional cremation of an adult human. The discovery in Malawi raised questions about early funeral rituals. At the base of a granite hill that is several hundred feet is the Hora 1 archaeological site, which has been known for decades.

This is where scientists unearthed prehistoric ash about the size of a queen bed that contained remains of a woman just under 5 feet tall. This find had been sheltered from rain and such for thousands of years, which allowed for good preservation of bones.

The ash had been cemented together, not by rain, but by soil moisture. It was hard to excavate, but helped protect the bones.

Before now, the oldest known deliberate cremations were dated to roughly 3,300 years ago. This cremation at Hora 1 was a meticulously planned event performed 9,500 years ago by hunter-gatherers.

From this time period, there haven’t been very many burned bodies discovered. And why this person? How was she significant? Nobody knows yet.

Studying prehistoric funeral rituals offers insights into how people treated each other in life.

The small adult female’s remains bear marks of manipulation, so her body was cremated prior to decomposition. This indicates that these ancient hunter-gatherers undertook elaborate mortuary practices. These complex mortuary and ritual activities predate food production activities, which challenge assumptions about community cooperation and memory-making in such societies.

Although burned human remains have been found dating to about 40,000 years ago in Australia. Intentionally built pyres of fuel don’t appear in archaeological records until 10,000 years ago.

Cremation is more common among food-producing societies. The practice is very rare among hunter-gatherers, both ancient and modern. Pyres require a huge amount of labor, time, and fuel.

The pyre at Hora 1 would have required gathering at least 30 kg of deadwood and grass, a significant commitment. The blaze likely reached temperatures greater than 500C.

The finding sparks a re-think about hunter-gatherer communities. It also questions the change in mortuary practices in Malawi 9,500 years ago. These people had typically buried the dead.

Researchers found that the society revisited the location and built more large fires, indicating they had a longer tradition based on their shared memory of the woman’s cremation. That other deaths at the site were buried and not cremated indicate that this death was special.

 

https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/discovery-of-africa-s-oldest-cremation-leaves-archaeologists-perplexed/ar-AA1Traqn?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=6957f977841f40e581fd8b7b5529ed63&ei=119