Prehistoric Steppe Bison

The more the frozen bits of Earth thaw, the more stuff from prehistoric times gets found in what used to be frozen.

Around 100,000 years ago, an ice age engulfed most of the northern hemisphere of the globe. Although fatal for many animals, other species continued to live, including the musk ox, the woolly mammoth, and the steppe bison. One of these steppe bison (scientifically called the 'bison priscus') has been found in Siberia's snow and ice.

This specimen is called the 'Yukagir bison', and is very well preserved, the most complete specimen known to date. It is so well preserved that scientists can observe its brain, heart, some blood vessels and all of its digestive system. Because there is a lack of fat around the abdomen, scientists assume the animal may have died of starvation.

Now extinct, the steppe bison was once found from the British Isles, through Europe, northern and central Asia, Beringia and central North America, from northwest Canada to Mexico. This species is ancestral to several later bison species, including the North American bison.

The steppe bison resembled the modern bison species, particularly the American wood bison, only it was taller and more massive. Standing over 6 ft 7 in tall (2 meters) at the withers (the highest point on its back, generally around its shoulders), it could reach a ton (900 kg) in weight. Its horns were each over half a meter long, and their upward-pointing tips were a meter apart.

I don't think I'd like to meet one of those in a dark alley somewhere.

 

https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/perfectly-preserved-9-000-year-old-bison-found-in-siberia/ar-AA16r3f4?ocid=mailsignout&pc=U591&cvid=0a0681b3bd014ac282863d8c1b7b73fb

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe_bison

Pluto's Heart

If you paid attention to the data sent back by New Horizons when it zipped by Pluto and Charon, you know that Pluto has a heart-shaped region, which is known as the Tombaugh Regio. The western lobe of the heart-shaped regio was originally named Sputnik Planum but is now known as Sputnik Planitia. It lies mostly in the northern hemisphere, but does extend southward beyond the equator.

The surface of the Sputnik Planitia consists mostly of irregular polygons separated by troughs. The polygons average about 21 miles (33 km) across. The surface also has what appear to be wind streaks, with evidence of sublimation, which is the rapid change from solid to vapor form. Sublimation also appears to be the cause of pits found in the planitia. No craters were detectable by New Horizons, implying the surface is less than 10 million years old.

Most of the ice in this basin is thought to be primarily nitrogen ice, with small fractions of carbon monoxide and methane ices. At Pluto's ambient temperature of 38°K, nitrogen and carbon monoxide ices are much less rigid than water ice, making glacial-like flows possible.

This basin likely originated when something about 125 miles across hit the area. The subsequent hole would have subsequently collected volatile ices. The nature of Pluto's atmosphere means that a topographic depression becomes a cold trap.

Nitrogen ice is denser than water ice, and the accumulation of this much dense nitrogen ice has created a higher level of gravity associated with this area. This gravity anomal may have caused Pluto to reorient itself to put the planitia near the Pluto-Charon tidal axis. Currently, Pluto and Charon always keep their same faces towards each other, and Sputnik Planitia is presently close to the anti-Charon point on Pluto, which has a less than 5% probability of happening by chance.

Contrary to popular belief, Charon does not orbit Pluto. Both Charon and Pluto orbit the same point, which is located between the two of them. Some scientists believe Charon and Pluto are a binary dwarf planet. That's what I think.

I also think there is a case to call Earth and its moon a binary planet, but that's a little harder to convince people, because the point being orbited is within Earth's diameter. What do you think on the subject?

 

 

Astronomy, March 2017, Page 13, "Pluto's Slusky Heart Contains a Large Ocean.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_Planitia

Last Day at Sea & Getting Off the Ship

 

Thursday, 11/17 - Last Day at Sea

We got up about 7:30 and went to breakfast. John wasn't feeling quite right. I didn't feel like biking in the morning, thought I might do it later on, but never got around to it. John went to deck 8 to read. I went to the Atrium bar on deck 6 to write. Late in the morning, we got in line to settle our account with the ship and went to lunch.

I was hoping we could go to the hot tub, but John wanted to get packing done, and we didn't want to pack wet swimsuits and water shoes, so we went back to the cabin and packed. Despite our 'souvenirs' (4 bottles of rum, a towel and a dress), we still had room in the suitcases. Afterwards, we both went to deck 8 for the rest of the afternoon. John was feeling better by 4:00 and had a mojito, then did some walking.

I don't remember where we had supper, but since we were getting off with our luggage (supposedly at 7:30 AM), we went to bed a little earlier than we usually did.

 

Friday, 11/18 - Getting Off the Ship

Note: Friday, 11/18 - Getting Home has already been ranted about in the blog titled A Rude Return Home, posted on 11/24. I won't repeat the getting home part of the day, but the Getting off the Ship was also an adventure in frustration, so I'll go through that here.

We decided to get off the ship with our luggage with us. We thought we would save some time that way, as well as avoiding the frustration of waiting until our color of luggage tags was called. Little did we know...

We got up at 6 and went to breakfast. We had wanted to go to O'Sheehan's for our last breakfast, but for some reason, it wasn't open that morning. So we probably had breakfast at the buffet.

According to the instructions handed out the night before, those of us carrying our own luggage off got to start leaving the ship at 7:30. What none of the passengers knew was that the ship was late getting into the port, and didn't yet have approval to unload passengers at 7:30. So we—and a whole bunch of other people with their luggage—got caught in a traffic jam that had previously been known as the forward elevator lobby. None of the elevators would go to deck 7, which was where the gangplank was at. The stairs were roped off, so you couldn't walk to deck 7. All the forward elevators were stuffed with people and their luggage, plus (we heard) all the forward elevator lobbies were just as stuffed. Wall to wall people and luggage, and all the crew members were doing were telling us to leave a walkway so people could get through. How? Are we supposed to climb on top of each other until there's room for a walkway? And who's going to use the walkway, when nobody can get anywhere anyway?

Frustration simmered. It might have been easier to wait if SOMEbody had made an announcement that they had hit a snag (pulling into port late) and nobody could get off yet. But nobody had the guts to make that announcement, so frustration simmered, getting hotter and hotter.

Then random crew members started to arrange us in a long line leading away from the elevator lobby, heading aft. Before too long, we met a long line heading our way from the other direction. Now what?

Finally, and still with no announcement as to who was allowed to get off at that time, a crew member removed several chairs that were blocking the entrance to O'Sheehan's and started urging the line to go in there. I thought they were just corraling us up for some reason, but they led the line through the side door to the restaurant, into the theater lobby, and from there we could go out on deck, move a bit to the right, and get on the gangplank to leave. There were at least 3 levels of gangplank before we entered the building. It was kind of like being in the middle of a stampede. John and I got separated, and didn't see each other again until I pulled over to the side as I entered the building, and waited for him.

Not everybody who was getting off with us had their luggage with them, so others must have joined the fray when it was 'time' for them to get off. Again, it might have been more orderly, if somebody had made any timely announcements about that.

When we finally got to the bottom floor, they were yelling instructions about where to pick up your luggage. You were supposed to go to the opposite end of the building, claim your luggage, and come back and get into line. Thankfully, we had our luggage with us.

Before that day, I had thought our luggage was great. Almost too big, for they were pretty heavy once we got them packed (and we still had more room!) They're the kind that has any-direction rollers, and you 'push' them along by holding onto the handle and keeping the suitcase upright. But on that hurried walk down the gangplank, mine seemed to have a mind of its own, and it kept wanting to veer, either towards me or away from me. It almost tripped me several times. I wonder if we had its load lop-sided, with more weight on one side than the other.

Anyway, we got through the line, through customs, and out of the building. And that's when I start narrating what happened to us in A Rude Return Home on 11/24.

Dominican Republic

 

Wednesday, 11/16 - Dominican Republic

We got up at 6:00 and went to the buffet for breakfast. After that, it was a looooong walk down the pier to find our shore excursion, Puerto Plata Culture, History and Heritage. Puerto Plata is either a city, or an area that has a city in it, I'm not sure which.

I had read the tickets wrong, and we arrived at the duty-free shops about an hour early. I remembered being at this particular group of shops at least twice before, but we have been on several Caribbean cruises, so it wasn't that surprising. John looked around at the shops while I sat in what shade I could find to gather my energy after yesterday's 'forced march'.

Thank goodness it was a bus tour, but I think most all the shore excursions here were, since the port was some 25 miles from the city.

The first stop on the tour was a rum factory, where we got to taste several versions of rum. I still think 9:30 AM is too early in the day for rum tasting. The tour started with a room full of rum casks. It was totally dark, except for small lines of lights outlining the path to follow to get to the exit. Then a small theater that could only seat about half the people who were on the tour. (I think there were 2 buses there at the same time.) After a movie about the history of this rum company, we were taken to another room, where they had some historical artifacts having to do with the rum-making process. It was here that they passed out little sample glasses, and gave us samples of about 8 tastes of their rum. The factory store was across the street. But we had already bought 4 bottles of rum during this cruise, so we decided we didn't need any more.

Next we were taken to a jewelry shop that specialized in amber and larimer jewelry. Larimer is only found on this island. We were sent inside for a chance to buy jewelry, but learning the price of one piece was enough to dissuade me from buying anything. I had a lot of trouble persuading the sales person I really wasn't interested in anything. When we came back out and got on the bus, we almost left behind a couple who had been paying for their purchase!

Somebody asked why there had been police there to steer us into and out of the store, and the tour guide said it was to make sure the pan-handlers and peddlers didn't bother us. The police presence left us with a strange, 'you are watched' kind of feeling.

Next, we went to the amber museum, which also has a permanent display on the art of making cigars. Of course there was a gift shop, and John bought... a pound of coffee!

Back on the street, I was wearing down, so I climbed back on the bus with a couple other people to wait. The rest of the group walked a few blocks to see 'Umbrella Street. After about 20 minutes, the bus went to pick up the others, and we started back for the pier. I caught a brief glimpse of Umbrella Street, and they had dozens of open umbrellas suspended over the street.

The Dominican Republic is the only port I remember where as we approached the gate to the port, a guard came aboard the bus and had to see everybody's ship-board card. To prove we had a reason for coming to the port, I suppose.

We reached the duty-free shops with about 37 minutes before we had to be on the ship. John wanted to buy me a Caribbean shirt that would fit me. He knew exactly what store had them. I didn't want another shirt, but to his surprise, I chose a Caribbean-style dress. (He was surprised. I was shocked! I swore off dresses decades ago!) Then we had that loooong walk back to the ship, which took us 7-8 minutes (I timed it). It was a very long pier.

We went to O'Sheehan's for a late lunch, then spent some time in the hot tub. About 7, we went to the theater for a dance show. This was our 'big night' on the ship, so I wore my new dress. The show was okay, the dancing was good, but I had trouble with the plot. I'm not sure it had one.

We left a few minutes before the end of the show to go to the other end of the ship, to the restaurant Cagney's, where we had dinner reservations. John was dragging on the way there, and had a little trouble understanding the menu. (It was past his usual bed time.) Since we were dining on a package plan, certain items on the menu were not available to us. We had a very nice dinner, and as we were walking out, we came across a couple who had been on the kayaking shore excursion with us, so we exchanged a few pleasantries with them. Then off to the cabin for the night.